Physicochemical and In-Vitro Evaluation of Insulin-Encapsulated Nanocarriers for Improved Glycemic Control

Abstract

Insulin therapy remains central to the management of diabetes mellitus; however, conventional insulin formulations are limited by poor stability, short biological halflife, and the need for frequent injections, which may compromise patient adherence. Nanocarrier-based delivery systems have emerged as a promising biopharmaceutic strategy to enhance insulin stability, enable controlled release, and improve therapeutic outcomes. This study aimed to formulate insulin-encapsulated nanocarriers and evaluate their physicochemical properties and in vitro performance. Insulin-loaded nanoparticles were prepared using a polymer-based encapsulation technique and characterized for particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, drug loading, encapsulation efficiency, morphology, and in vitro release behavior. The developed nanocarriers exhibited nanoscale particle size with narrow size distribution, favorable surface charge, and high encapsulation efficiency. In vitro release studies demonstrated a sustained insulin release profile under physiological conditions. These findings highlight the potential of insulin-encapsulated nanocarriers as an advanced biopharmaceutic system for improved glycemic control and reduced dosing burden in diabetes management.